{"schema_version":1,"layer":"water","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27","coverage_note":"Selected state reporting laws and proposals, annual operator disclosures and construction dewatering permits. Withdrawal, consumption, discharge, supply allocations and forecasts are different measures. Coverage is incomplete.","items":[{"id":"water-ak-rights-temporary-20261025","kind":"water_reporting_context","subject":"Alaska water rights and temporary authorization boundaries","state_codes":["ak"],"scope":"Significant use alternatives, permit and certificate stages, temporary permission and duration conditions. No actual use inferred.","fields":{"status":{"value":"program","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"alaska_water_basis":{"value":"Agency water rights and temporary authorization pathways are distinct","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"significant_use_alternatives":{"value":"Single source consumptive use more than5000 gallons in one day OR recurring more than500 gallons per day for more than10 days per calendar year OR nonconsumptive more than30000 gallons per day OR use adversely affecting other rights or public interest.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"land_boundary":{"value":"Land ownership does not automatically establish groundwater or surface water rights.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"permit_certificate_stages":{"value":"Processed application may yield a drilling or diversion permit; appropriation certificate may follow established beneficial use and compliance with permit conditions.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"temporary_scope":{"value":"Temporary use of unappropriated water; authorization may last up to5 consecutive years and one application may request up to5 sources.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"duration_wording":{"value":"Rights overview says use less than5 consecutive years; dedicated temporary page says authorization up to5 consecutive years.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"rights_priority_boundary":{"value":"Temporary authorization establishes neither a water right nor priority and is subject to amendment, modification or revocation.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"nonconsumptive_scope":{"value":"Diverted water must return to its original source at original point immediately after use, with quantity undiminished except evaporation or transpiration; same stream at different point is insufficient.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"application_timing":{"value":"Agency advises application60 days before needed; complete application requires agency notice before decision.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"extension_boundary":{"value":"One extension only while authorization remains active; total original plus extension cannot exceed5 consecutive years. Expired authorization requires new application.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"amendment_boundary":{"value":"Source, volume, use, location or season changes may require amendment through adjudication, not automatic permission.","source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections"},"individual_authorization":{"value":null,"source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections","unknown_reason":"No individual water authorization, actual quantity or exact Atlas match reviewed."},"reported_withdrawal":{"value":null,"source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections","unknown_reason":"No individual water authorization, actual quantity or exact Atlas match reviewed."},"reported_consumption":{"value":null,"source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections","unknown_reason":"No individual water authorization, actual quantity or exact Atlas match reviewed."},"actual_metered_use":{"value":null,"source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections","unknown_reason":"No individual water authorization, actual quantity or exact Atlas match reviewed."},"atlas_record_id":{"value":null,"source_ids":["ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025","ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025"],"scope":"General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization.","locator":"Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections","unknown_reason":"No individual water authorization, actual quantity or exact Atlas match reviewed."}}},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-ak-2015","kind":"water_context","subject":"Alaska historical thermoelectric water context","state_codes":["ak"],"scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","fields":{"historical_thermo_withdrawal":{"value":66.7,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_total_use":{"value":67.3,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"historical_thermo_consumptive_use":{"value":1.38,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"status":{"value":"historical","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"report_period":{"value":"2015","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"historical_thermo_boundary":{"value":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"once_through_withdrawal":{"value":66.1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"once_through_total_water_use":{"value":66.1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"once_through_consumptive_use":{"value":0.5,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"recirculating_withdrawal":{"value":0.63,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"recirculating_total_water_use":{"value":1.23,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"recirculating_consumptive_use":{"value":0.88,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Alaska row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"cooling_category_boundary":{"value":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Tables13A and13B headers and notes","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation."},"historical_thermo_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":66.7,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_freshwater_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_fresh_consumptive_use":{"value":1.38,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_freshwater_consumption"},"historical_thermo_saline_consumptive_use":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_saline_consumption"},"historical_water_quality_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 headers and notes","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution."},"historical_thermo_ground_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":0.63,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_groundwater_fresh_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_ground_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_groundwater_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_surface_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":66.1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_surfacewater_fresh_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_surface_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_surfacewater_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_water_origin_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 groundwater and surface water headers and notes","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution."},"historical_thermo_reclaimed_water":{"value":null,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_reclaimed_wastewater","unknown_reason":"USGS Table12 reports a dash, defined as not estimated; no zero or absence inferred."},"historical_thermo_public_supply_deliveries":{"value":0.6,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_public_supply_delivery"},"historical_water_delivery_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 reclaimed wastewater/public supply headers and dash definition","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance."},"historical_thermo_net_generation":{"value":1870.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row","scope":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.","unit":"GWh","measurement_role":"historical_net_thermoelectric_generation"},"historical_generation_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 net power generated header, gigawatt hours","scope":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained."}}}],"sources":{"ak-water-rights-guidance-20261025":{"url":"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/","checked_at":"2026-10-25T01:24:02.474683+00:00","sha256":"7f2b70b02b8557d9517da5ab9642f3d3f58246e3c0f76cdfaef38cc599baf37a","title":"Alaska water rights guidance","publisher":"Alaska Department of Natural Resources","tier":"A","published_on":null,"date_note":"Publication day not stated on captured guidance.","scope":"Substantive guidance fully read; underlying complete regulations and individual authorizations not reviewed.","establishes_status":["program"]},"ak-temporary-water-guidance-20261025":{"url":"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/","checked_at":"2026-10-25T01:24:18.710989+00:00","sha256":"fcd701ebd119f7b5958d287ef43beb6f74b1fc15b456913067cddb09ff790ccd","title":"Alaska temporary water use authorization guidance","publisher":"Alaska Department of Natural Resources","tier":"A","published_on":null,"date_note":"Publication day not stated on captured guidance.","scope":"Substantive guidance fully read; underlying complete regulations and individual authorizations not reviewed.","establishes_status":["program"]},"usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441":{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf","title":"USGS Circular1441 Tables12,13A,13B historical thermoelectric water2015","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","published_on":null,"date_note":"Report explicitly2018, exact publication day not established from reviewed pages. Estimates represent2015, not capture2026.","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","checked_at":"2026-10-26T16:26:24.100526+00:00","sha256":"ef0e2caa3bd7769fde0de383f6668ba2559d8b716a38bfec6bed027729061f88","tier":"A","establishes_status":["historical"],"reviewed_cooling_pages":[{"physical_page":56,"printed_page":48,"actually_viewed":true,"image_path":"/Users/shaunwilson/Documents/Data Centers Atlas/build/cache/layers-20261024/usgs-water2015-cooling-56.png","image_sha256":"2679f353db6b2f6ecf3949271cdc27ee7a233e3a481ec48e634b455476967992","whole_report_read":false},{"physical_page":57,"printed_page":49,"actually_viewed":true,"image_path":"/Users/shaunwilson/Documents/Data Centers Atlas/build/cache/layers-20261024/usgs-water2015-cooling-57.png","image_sha256":"91b53a88319f53e4aaf723464e70bccb80da89f237483345d7433dfd3de7a635","whole_report_read":false}]}},"details":[{"id":"water-ak-rights-temporary-20261025","html":"<article><h3>Alaska water rights and temporary authorization boundaries</h3><p class=\"layer-scope\">Significant use alternatives, permit and certificate stages, temporary permission and duration conditions. No actual use inferred.</p><dl class=\"layer-fields\"><dt>Status</dt><dd>program<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Alaska water basis</dt><dd>Agency water rights and temporary authorization pathways are distinct<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Significant use alternatives</dt><dd>Single source consumptive use more than5000 gallons in one day OR recurring more than500 gallons per day for more than10 days per calendar year OR nonconsumptive more than30000 gallons per day OR use adversely affecting other rights or public interest.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Land boundary</dt><dd>Land ownership does not automatically establish groundwater or surface water rights.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Permit certificate stages</dt><dd>Processed application may yield a drilling or diversion permit; appropriation certificate may follow established beneficial use and compliance with permit conditions.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Temporary scope</dt><dd>Temporary use of unappropriated water; authorization may last up to5 consecutive years and one application may request up to5 sources.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Duration wording</dt><dd>Rights overview says use less than5 consecutive years; dedicated temporary page says authorization up to5 consecutive years.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Rights priority boundary</dt><dd>Temporary authorization establishes neither a water right nor priority and is subject to amendment, modification or revocation.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Nonconsumptive scope</dt><dd>Diverted water must return to its original source at original point immediately after use, with quantity undiminished except evaporation or transpiration; same stream at different point is insufficient.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Application timing</dt><dd>Agency advises application60 days before needed; complete application requires agency notice before decision.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Extension boundary</dt><dd>One extension only while authorization remains active; total original plus extension cannot exceed5 consecutive years. Expired authorization requires new application.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Amendment boundary</dt><dd>Source, volume, use, location or season changes may require amendment through adjudication, not automatic permission.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Individual authorization</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Reported withdrawal</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Reported consumption</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Actual metered use</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd><dt>Atlas record id</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/rights/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://dnr.alaska.gov/mlw/water/twua/\">Alaska Department of Natural Resources</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">General agency guidance, not complete current legal interpretation, actual facility use or individual authorization. Locator: Water rights overview and temporary authorization substantive sections.</p></dd></dl></article>"},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-ak-2015","html":"<article><h3>Alaska historical thermoelectric water context</h3><p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.</p><dl class=\"layer-fields\"><dt>Historical thermo withdrawal</dt><dd>66.70 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo total use</dt><dd>67.30 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo consumptive use</dt><dd>1.38 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Status</dt><dd>historical<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.</p></dd><dt>Report period</dt><dd>2015<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo boundary</dt><dd>Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.</p></dd><dt>Once through withdrawal</dt><dd>66.10 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Once through total water use</dt><dd>66.10 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Once through consumptive use</dt><dd>0.50 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Recirculating withdrawal</dt><dd>0.63 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Recirculating total water use</dt><dd>1.23 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Recirculating consumptive use</dt><dd>0.88 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Cooling category boundary</dt><dd>Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Tables13A and13B headers and notes.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo fresh withdrawal</dt><dd>66.70 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo saline withdrawal</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo fresh consumptive use</dt><dd>1.38 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo saline consumptive use</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical water quality boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12 headers and notes.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo ground fresh withdrawal</dt><dd>0.63 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo ground saline withdrawal</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo surface fresh withdrawal</dt><dd>66.10 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo surface saline withdrawal</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical water origin boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12 groundwater and surface water headers and notes.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo reclaimed water</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo public supply deliveries</dt><dd>0.60 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical water delivery boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12 reclaimed wastewater/public supply headers and dash definition.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo net generation</dt><dd>1870.00 GWh<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Alaska row.</p></dd><dt>Historical generation boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained. Locator: Table12 net power generated header, gigawatt hours.</p></dd></dl></article>"}]}