{"schema_version":1,"layer":"water","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27","coverage_note":"Selected state reporting laws and proposals, annual operator disclosures and construction dewatering permits. Withdrawal, consumption, discharge, supply allocations and forecasts are different measures. Coverage is incomplete.","items":[{"id":"water-ri-public-supplier-reporting-20261025","kind":"water_reporting_context","state_codes":["ri"],"subject":"Rhode Island public supplier reporting and unknown facility water use","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use.","fields":{"ri_supplier_reporting_basis":{"value":"Official active periodic refile effectiveJanuary4,2022. Earlier reg_id10212 filing is inactive2018to2022 and is not the current filing.","source_ids":["ri-public-supplier-active-20261025"],"locator":"Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use."},"status":{"value":"enacted","source_ids":["ri-public-supplier-active-20261025"],"locator":"Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use."},"ri_supplier_scope":{"value":"Applies to major public water suppliers and Water Resources Board. Supplier definition obtains, transports, purchases or sells more than50million gallons per year; Department of Defense excluded. Not a direct threshold for every data center customer.","source_ids":["ri-public-supplier-active-20261025"],"locator":"Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use."},"ri_reporting_clock":{"value":"Covered suppliers report byAugust1 for prior fiscal year July1throughJune30. Monthly source withdrawals and wholesale purchases/sales are reported within annual filing; monthly data is not monthly filing deadline.","source_ids":["ri-public-supplier-active-20261025"],"locator":"Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use."},"ri_reporting_fields":{"value":"Annual filing includes use categories, resident population estimate and basis, non billed water including leakage, and demand strategy progress. Required reports do not establish reports filed or actual data center consumption.","source_ids":["ri-public-supplier-active-20261025"],"locator":"Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use."},"actual_water_use":{"value":null,"source_ids":["ri-public-supplier-active-20261025"],"locator":"Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use.","unknown_reason":"No individual supplier filing or measured facility use reviewed."}}},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-ri-2015","kind":"water_context","subject":"Rhode Island historical thermoelectric water context","state_codes":["ri"],"scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","fields":{"historical_thermo_withdrawal":{"value":223.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_total_use":{"value":224.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"historical_thermo_consumptive_use":{"value":4.2,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"status":{"value":"historical","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"report_period":{"value":"2015","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"historical_thermo_boundary":{"value":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"once_through_withdrawal":{"value":222.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"once_through_total_water_use":{"value":222.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"once_through_consumptive_use":{"value":2.22,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"recirculating_withdrawal":{"value":1.33,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"recirculating_total_water_use":{"value":2.77,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"recirculating_consumptive_use":{"value":1.98,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"cooling_category_boundary":{"value":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Tables13A and13B headers and notes","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation."},"historical_thermo_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":1.33,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_freshwater_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_saline_withdrawal":{"value":222.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_fresh_consumptive_use":{"value":1.98,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_freshwater_consumption"},"historical_thermo_saline_consumptive_use":{"value":2.22,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_saline_consumption"},"historical_water_quality_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 headers and notes","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution."},"historical_thermo_ground_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_groundwater_fresh_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_ground_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_groundwater_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_surface_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":1.33,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_surfacewater_fresh_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_surface_saline_withdrawal":{"value":222.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_surfacewater_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_water_origin_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 groundwater and surface water headers and notes","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution."},"historical_thermo_reclaimed_water":{"value":null,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_reclaimed_wastewater","unknown_reason":"USGS Table12 reports a dash, defined as not estimated; no zero or absence inferred."},"historical_thermo_public_supply_deliveries":{"value":1.44,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_public_supply_delivery"},"historical_water_delivery_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 reclaimed wastewater/public supply headers and dash definition","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance."},"historical_thermo_net_generation":{"value":5240.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row","scope":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.","unit":"GWh","measurement_role":"historical_net_thermoelectric_generation"},"historical_generation_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 net power generated header, gigawatt hours","scope":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained."}}},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-model-2020-ri","kind":"water_context","subject":"Rhode Island historical2020 modeled thermoelectric water context","state_codes":["ri"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","fields":{"status":{"value":"historical","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Annual output YEAR2020 and model provenance"},"thermo2020_period":{"value":"2020","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Annual CSV YEAR column"},"thermo2020_basis":{"value":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Published annual CSV/attribute definitions/catalog model limitations"},"thermo2020_model_rows":{"value":7,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_plant_year_rows"},"thermo2020_consumption_modeled_rows":{"value":6,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_modeled_consumption_rows"},"thermo2020_saline_consumption_unmodeled_rows":{"value":1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. 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State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_withdrawal_lower_sum":{"value":34.80608265323768,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_withdrawal_lower_plausibility_limits"},"thermo2020_withdrawal_upper_sum":{"value":531.4562448346735,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. 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No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_withdrawal_upper_plausibility_limits"},"thermo2020_consumption_available_sum":{"value":2.8959607557542886,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. 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No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_available_model_consumption"},"thermo2020_consumption_lower_available_sum":{"value":2.2469592744590114,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. 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No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_consumption_upper_plausibility_limits"},"thermo2020_cooling_basis":{"value":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. 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No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_tower_withdrawal":{"value":3.8362719320031875,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_fresh_rows":{"value":0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through fresh","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through fresh","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_complex_rows":{"value":1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. 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No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Complex","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_complex_withdrawal":{"value":0.218073126052817,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Complex","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_saline_rows":{"value":1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through saline","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_saline_withdrawal":{"value":70.7293794475348,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through saline","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_pond_rows":{"value":0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. 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No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating pond","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_pond_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating pond","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"}}}],"sources":{"ri-public-supplier-active-20261025":{"url":"https://rules.sos.ri.gov/Regulations/part/490-00-00-1","title":"Rhode Island active major public supplier water reporting rule","publisher":"Rhode Island Department of State Water Resources Board","published_on":"2022-01-04","date_note":"Active periodic refile effectiveJanuary4,2022, not date new substantive reporting enacted.","scope":"Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. 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Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","checked_at":"2026-10-26T16:26:24.100526+00:00","sha256":"ef0e2caa3bd7769fde0de383f6668ba2559d8b716a38bfec6bed027729061f88","tier":"A","establishes_status":["historical"],"reviewed_cooling_pages":[{"physical_page":56,"printed_page":48,"actually_viewed":true,"image_path":"/Users/shaunwilson/Documents/Data Centers Atlas/build/cache/layers-20261024/usgs-water2015-cooling-56.png","image_sha256":"2679f353db6b2f6ecf3949271cdc27ee7a233e3a481ec48e634b455476967992","whole_report_read":false},{"physical_page":57,"printed_page":49,"actually_viewed":true,"image_path":"/Users/shaunwilson/Documents/Data Centers Atlas/build/cache/layers-20261024/usgs-water2015-cooling-57.png","image_sha256":"91b53a88319f53e4aaf723464e70bccb80da89f237483345d7433dfd3de7a635","whole_report_read":false}]},"usgs-thermo2020-annual-member":{"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443","title":"Published annual thermoelectric water model output2008-2020;2020 selection","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","published_on":"2023-10-31","date_note":"Catalog dataset publication2023-10-31;individual metadata revision day not established.","scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. 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Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. 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Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","checked_at":"2026-10-27T22:05:54.160633+00:00","sha256":"782d5e88048b3a7d076539539a78a4beb382d5891ae5fa84f77d87fcdd5d5cc1","raw_path":"/Users/shaunwilson/Documents/Data Centers Atlas/build/cache/layers-20261023/usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog-json-20261027.bin","tier":"A","establishes_status":["historical"]}},"details":[{"id":"water-ri-public-supplier-reporting-20261025","html":"<article><h3>Rhode Island public supplier reporting and unknown facility water use</h3><p class=\"layer-scope\">Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use.</p><dl class=\"layer-fields\"><dt>Ri supplier reporting basis</dt><dd>Official active periodic refile effectiveJanuary4,2022. Earlier reg_id10212 filing is inactive2018to2022 and is not the current filing.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://rules.sos.ri.gov/Regulations/part/490-00-00-1\">Rhode Island Department of State Water Resources Board</a>. Source: January 4, 2022. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use. Locator: Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata.</p></dd><dt>Status</dt><dd>enacted<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://rules.sos.ri.gov/Regulations/part/490-00-00-1\">Rhode Island Department of State Water Resources Board</a>. Source: January 4, 2022. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use. Locator: Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata.</p></dd><dt>Ri supplier scope</dt><dd>Applies to major public water suppliers and Water Resources Board. Supplier definition obtains, transports, purchases or sells more than50million gallons per year; Department of Defense excluded. Not a direct threshold for every data center customer.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://rules.sos.ri.gov/Regulations/part/490-00-00-1\">Rhode Island Department of State Water Resources Board</a>. Source: January 4, 2022. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use. Locator: Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata.</p></dd><dt>Ri reporting clock</dt><dd>Covered suppliers report byAugust1 for prior fiscal year July1throughJune30. Monthly source withdrawals and wholesale purchases/sales are reported within annual filing; monthly data is not monthly filing deadline.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://rules.sos.ri.gov/Regulations/part/490-00-00-1\">Rhode Island Department of State Water Resources Board</a>. Source: January 4, 2022. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use. Locator: Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata.</p></dd><dt>Ri reporting fields</dt><dd>Annual filing includes use categories, resident population estimate and basis, non billed water including leakage, and demand strategy progress. Required reports do not establish reports filed or actual data center consumption.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://rules.sos.ri.gov/Regulations/part/490-00-00-1\">Rhode Island Department of State Water Resources Board</a>. Source: January 4, 2022. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use. Locator: Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata.</p></dd><dt>Actual water use</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://rules.sos.ri.gov/Regulations/part/490-00-00-1\">Rhode Island Department of State Water Resources Board</a>. Source: January 4, 2022. Checked: October 25, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Active rule490RICR00001 applicability1.2.1,definition1.3H,reporting1.6C and active filing metadata reviewed. Other conservation and enforcement provisions not fully reviewed. Supplier reporting is not direct data center reporting or measured facility water use. Locator: Applicability1.2.1; definition1.3H; reporting1.6C; filing metadata.</p></dd></dl></article>"},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-ri-2015","html":"<article><h3>Rhode Island historical thermoelectric water context</h3><p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.</p><dl class=\"layer-fields\"><dt>Historical thermo withdrawal</dt><dd>223.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo total use</dt><dd>224.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo consumptive use</dt><dd>4.20 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Status</dt><dd>historical<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.</p></dd><dt>Report period</dt><dd>2015<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo boundary</dt><dd>Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.</p></dd><dt>Once through withdrawal</dt><dd>222.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Once through total water use</dt><dd>222.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Once through consumptive use</dt><dd>2.22 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Recirculating withdrawal</dt><dd>1.33 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Recirculating total water use</dt><dd>2.77 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Recirculating consumptive use</dt><dd>1.98 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Cooling category boundary</dt><dd>Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Tables13A and13B headers and notes.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo fresh withdrawal</dt><dd>1.33 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo saline withdrawal</dt><dd>222.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo fresh consumptive use</dt><dd>1.98 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo saline consumptive use</dt><dd>2.22 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical water quality boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12 headers and notes.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo ground fresh withdrawal</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo ground saline withdrawal</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo surface fresh withdrawal</dt><dd>1.33 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo surface saline withdrawal</dt><dd>222.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical water origin boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12 groundwater and surface water headers and notes.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo reclaimed water</dt><dd><span class=\"layer-empty\">Not established</span><span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo public supply deliveries</dt><dd>1.44 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical water delivery boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12 reclaimed wastewater/public supply headers and dash definition.</p></dd><dt>Historical thermo net generation</dt><dd>5240.00 GWh<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Rhode Island row.</p></dd><dt>Historical generation boundary</dt><dd>Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained. Locator: Table12 net power generated header, gigawatt hours.</p></dd></dl></article>"},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-model-2020-ri","html":"<article><h3>Rhode Island historical2020 modeled thermoelectric water context</h3><p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.</p><dl class=\"layer-fields\"><dt>Status</dt><dd>historical<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Annual output YEAR2020 and model provenance.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 period</dt><dd>2020<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Annual CSV YEAR column.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 basis</dt><dd>USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Published annual CSV/attribute definitions/catalog model limitations.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 model rows</dt><dd>7 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 consumption modeled rows</dt><dd>6 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 saline consumption unmodeled rows</dt><dd>1 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 withdrawal sum</dt><dd>74.78 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 withdrawal lower sum</dt><dd>34.81 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 withdrawal upper sum</dt><dd>531.46 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 consumption available sum</dt><dd>2.90 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 consumption lower available sum</dt><dd>2.25 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 consumption upper available sum</dt><dd>4.15 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 RI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling basis</dt><dd>Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Annual YEAR2020 CSV coolingType and metadata coolingType domain definitions.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling tower rows</dt><dd>5 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling tower withdrawal</dt><dd>3.84 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling once fresh rows</dt><dd>0 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through fresh.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling once fresh withdrawal</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through fresh.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling complex rows</dt><dd>1 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Complex.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling complex withdrawal</dt><dd>0.22 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Complex.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling once saline rows</dt><dd>1 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through saline.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling once saline withdrawal</dt><dd>70.73 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through saline.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling pond rows</dt><dd>0 plant-year rows<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of RI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating pond.</p></dd><dt>Thermo2020 cooling pond withdrawal</dt><dd>0.00 million gallons per day<span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__b7%2Fce%2Fee%2Fb7ceee404ebbc37e014be1ac9098088824e00443\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?f=__disk__da%2Fd9%2F78%2Fdad9784363a86225e69035d9b8c7ef7a8d99da02\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <span class=\"layer-source\"><a href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63adc826d34e92aad3ca5af4?format=json\">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.</span> <p class=\"layer-scope\">Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for RI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating pond.</p></dd></dl></article>"}]}