{"schema_version":1,"layer":"water","reviewed_on":"2026-10-27","coverage_note":"Selected state reporting laws and proposals, annual operator disclosures and construction dewatering permits. Withdrawal, consumption, discharge, supply allocations and forecasts are different measures. Coverage is incomplete.","items":[{"id":"water-wi-racine-diversion-2025","kind":"water_context","subject":"Racine diversion2025 municipal scope and Microsoft boundary","state_codes":["wi"],"scope":"Municipal water context with explicit geography, meter uncertainty and source conflicts. No campus water amount or exact record association.","fields":{"status":{"value":"historical","scope":"Dated2025 municipal context and2026 agency review, not current campus operation.","locator":"DNR response1; City2","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"racine_diversion_basis":{"value":"Municipal diversion area totals are not Microsoft campus water use","scope":"No facility water number inferred from the municipal diversion approval or annual report.","locator":"City2and3","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"report_period":{"value":"Calendar2025; City report March2026; DNR response April15 2026","scope":"Cover retains stray2020; report body explicitly2025. Publication day unknown.","locator":"City1through3; DNR1","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"approved_diversion_scope":{"value":"April25 2018 approval up to average7000000 gallons per day to Mississippi basin portion of Mount Pleasant","scope":"Municipal authorization ceiling, not Microsoft allocation, actual withdrawal or consumption.","locator":"Overview; DNR1","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"microsoft_geographic_scope":{"value":"City states first Microsoft phase is outside diversion area; land for future phases lies inside.","scope":"March2026 account of2025 context; anticipated2026 completion is not verified actual completion or October operating status.","locator":"City2","source_ids":["wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"customer_scope":{"value":"City says Foxconn was the only permanent water service customer in the diversion area in2025.","scope":"Not a claim Microsoft used zero water outside this area.","locator":"City2","source_ids":["wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"municipal_reported_total":{"value":"City reports25610223 gallons diverted in2025 including15000 gallons flushed.","scope":"Area total, not data center use; City definition includes flushing while DNR calls total sold. Do not silently equate sold and diverted.","locator":"City3; DNR1","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"return_flow_uncertainty":{"value":"DNR cites9243564 gallons returned in2025 and warns wastewater meter measurements are imprecise.","scope":"Reported municipal return flow includes measurement limitations, not exact actual campus consumption.","locator":"DNR1","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"consumption_conflict":{"value":"City summary says approximately63 percent for2025; DNR summary lists64 percent and paragraph3 labels2024.","scope":"Printed date and percentage difference unresolved; actual consumption uncertain because meter errors are identified.","locator":"City2; DNR1","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"]},"reporting_review_scope":{"value":"DNR says information appears to meet annual reporting requirements.","scope":"Bounded municipal reporting review, not blanket project compliance or operating approval.","locator":"DNR2","source_ids":["wi-racine-response2026-20261024"]},"next_deadline_conflict":{"value":"DNR response prints2025 Annual Report due March1 2027 while reviewing the2025 report.","scope":"Printed year inconsistency retained; no silently corrected next reporting period.","locator":"DNR2","source_ids":["wi-racine-response2026-20261024"]},"reported_withdrawal":{"value":null,"scope":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established.","locator":"Bounded municipal context","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"],"unknown_reason":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established."},"reported_consumption":{"value":null,"scope":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established.","locator":"Bounded municipal context","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"],"unknown_reason":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established."},"actual_metered_use":{"value":null,"scope":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established.","locator":"Bounded municipal context","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"],"unknown_reason":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established."},"microsoft_water_use":{"value":null,"scope":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established.","locator":"Bounded municipal context","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"],"unknown_reason":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established."},"atlas_record_id":{"value":null,"scope":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established.","locator":"Bounded municipal context","source_ids":["wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024","wi-racine-response2026-20261024","wi-racine-report2026-20261024"],"unknown_reason":"No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established."}}},{"id":"water-wi-basin-permit-guidance-20261025","kind":"water_reporting_context","state_codes":["wi"],"subject":"Wisconsin basin permit thresholds and averaging periods","scope":"Great Lakes Basin permit guidance separates average and consecutive daily tests.","fields":{"wi_basin_permit_basis":{"value":"Agency Great Lakes Basin withdrawal permit framework, not statewide data center withdrawal totals or individual approval.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"status":{"value":"program","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"basin_gate":{"value":"LakeMichiganorLakeSuperiorBasin property sources withdrawing or planning at least100000gallons daily average in any30dayperiod require received water use permit before withdrawal. Basin scope not every Wisconsin withdrawal.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"general_permit_gate":{"value":"General permit covers qualifying100000dailyaverage threshold withdrawals that do not meet individual trigger of at least1000000gallons daily for30days in a row.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"individual_gate":{"value":"Individual permit trigger at least1000000gallons per day for30consecutive days differs from100000daily average in any30dayperiod. No conversion of consecutive daily threshold into monthly average.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"application_boundary":{"value":"Agency automatically mails general applications to registered qualifying high capacity well or30.18applicants in basin; mailed application and registration do not establish required coverage. Coverage needed before threshold withdrawal.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"fee_boundary":{"value":"Agency says no water use permit application fee. This does not establish zero annual water use fees or no other approval charges.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"historical_count_boundary":{"value":"Agency2011approx650individual permits and2021renewal323individual/222general are historical programwide statements, not current permits, data center counts or new facility approvals.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"scope_boundary":{"value":"Agency basin permit guidance only; separate registration, high capacity well, diversion and water loss rules and individual permits not reviewed.","source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal."},"individual_permit":{"value":null,"source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal.","unknown_reason":"No named permit, withdrawal report or exact record association reviewed. Unknown is not zero."},"actual_water_use":{"value":null,"source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal.","unknown_reason":"No named permit, withdrawal report or exact record association reviewed. Unknown is not zero."},"atlas_record_id":{"value":null,"source_ids":["wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025"],"locator":"Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context","scope":"Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal.","unknown_reason":"No named permit, withdrawal report or exact record association reviewed. Unknown is not zero."}}},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-wi-2015","kind":"water_context","subject":"Wisconsin historical thermoelectric water context","state_codes":["wi"],"scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","fields":{"historical_thermo_withdrawal":{"value":4210.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_total_use":{"value":4210.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"historical_thermo_consumptive_use":{"value":74.7,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,printed43,physical51; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"status":{"value":"historical","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"report_period":{"value":"2015","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"historical_thermo_boundary":{"value":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42","scope":"Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation."},"once_through_withdrawal":{"value":4160.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"once_through_total_water_use":{"value":4160.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"once_through_consumptive_use":{"value":41.6,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13A,physical56,printed48; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"recirculating_withdrawal":{"value":42.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_withdrawal"},"recirculating_total_water_use":{"value":44.5,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_total_water_use"},"recirculating_consumptive_use":{"value":33.1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table13B,physical57,printed49; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_consumption"},"cooling_category_boundary":{"value":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Tables13A and13B headers and notes","scope":"Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation."},"historical_thermo_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":4210.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_freshwater_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_fresh_consumptive_use":{"value":74.7,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_freshwater_consumption"},"historical_thermo_saline_consumptive_use":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_saline_consumption"},"historical_water_quality_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 headers and notes","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution."},"historical_thermo_ground_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":3.21,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_groundwater_fresh_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_ground_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_groundwater_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_surface_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":4200.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_surfacewater_fresh_withdrawal"},"historical_thermo_surface_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_surfacewater_saline_withdrawal"},"historical_water_origin_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 groundwater and surface water headers and notes","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution."},"historical_thermo_reclaimed_water":{"value":2.27,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_reclaimed_wastewater"},"historical_thermo_public_supply_deliveries":{"value":0.23,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"historical_estimated_public_supply_delivery"},"historical_water_delivery_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 reclaimed wastewater/public supply headers and dash definition","scope":"Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance."},"historical_thermo_net_generation":{"value":58100.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row","scope":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.","unit":"GWh","measurement_role":"historical_net_thermoelectric_generation"},"historical_generation_boundary":{"value":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.","source_ids":["usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441"],"locator":"Table12 net power generated header, gigawatt hours","scope":"Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained."}}},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-model-2020-wi","kind":"water_context","subject":"Wisconsin historical2020 modeled thermoelectric water context","state_codes":["wi"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","fields":{"status":{"value":"historical","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Annual output YEAR2020 and model provenance"},"thermo2020_period":{"value":"2020","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Annual CSV YEAR column"},"thermo2020_basis":{"value":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Published annual CSV/attribute definitions/catalog model limitations"},"thermo2020_model_rows":{"value":20,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_plant_year_rows"},"thermo2020_consumption_modeled_rows":{"value":20,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_modeled_consumption_rows"},"thermo2020_saline_consumption_unmodeled_rows":{"value":0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_saline_consumption_unmodeled_rows"},"thermo2020_withdrawal_sum":{"value":2489.204488034086,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_withdrawal_lower_sum":{"value":1135.3342044928597,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_withdrawal_lower_plausibility_limits"},"thermo2020_withdrawal_upper_sum":{"value":18590.61594057638,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_withdrawal_upper_plausibility_limits"},"thermo2020_consumption_available_sum":{"value":38.76261880409216,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_available_model_consumption"},"thermo2020_consumption_lower_available_sum":{"value":30.54099662927337,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_consumption_lower_plausibility_limits"},"thermo2020_consumption_upper_available_sum":{"value":46.62927678756941,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.","locator":"Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_consumption_upper_plausibility_limits"},"thermo2020_cooling_basis":{"value":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Annual YEAR2020 CSV coolingType and metadata coolingType domain definitions"},"thermo2020_cooling_tower_rows":{"value":7,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_tower_withdrawal":{"value":12.582719826150432,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_fresh_rows":{"value":12,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through fresh","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_fresh_withdrawal":{"value":2468.885905369263,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through fresh","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_complex_rows":{"value":1,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Complex","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_complex_withdrawal":{"value":7.73586283867272,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Complex","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_saline_rows":{"value":0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through saline","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_once_saline_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through saline","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"},"thermo2020_cooling_pond_rows":{"value":0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating pond","unit":"plant-year rows","measurement_role":"calculated_count_model_cooling_category_rows"},"thermo2020_cooling_pond_withdrawal":{"value":0.0,"source_ids":["usgs-thermo2020-annual-member","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-attribute-definitions","usgs-thermo-reanalysis-catalog"],"scope":"Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.","locator":"Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating pond","unit":"million gallons per day","measurement_role":"calculated_sum_model_cooling_category_withdrawal"}}}],"sources":{"wi-racine-diversion-context-20261024":{"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterUse/Racine","checked_at":"2026-10-24T23:04:09.707183+00:00","sha256":"1fc879b2e73dac0aef85930b3c6c663381638a20c3052c16c2358da82af4972e","title":"Racine diversion overview","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","published_on":null,"date_note":"Document dates are separate from unknown exact online publication.","scope":"Whole overview text reviewed; linked documents only as separately specified.","tier":"A","establishes_status":["historical"]},"wi-racine-response2026-20261024":{"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/WaterUse/Racine/DNRResponseToRacine2026Report.pdf","checked_at":"2026-10-24T23:08:49.109215+00:00","sha256":"97d757412f26a22d43a9c66672e72e8c3cc998942c5bf457ef58ccee174bbf7e","title":"April15 2026 response to Racine annual report","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","published_on":null,"date_note":"Document dates are separate from unknown exact online publication.","scope":"Two page response text reviewed and first page viewed. Printed year inconsistencies retained.","tier":"A","establishes_status":["historical"]},"wi-racine-report2026-20261024":{"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/WaterUse/Racine/2026RacineWaterDiversionReport.pdf","checked_at":"2026-10-24T23:08:56.856447+00:00","sha256":"5576f95965c76695aa532e63b522f0e836aa389621147300f3afbbe1f7e0e863","title":"Racine2025 diversion report issued March2026","publisher":"City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility","published_on":null,"date_note":"Document dates are separate from unknown exact online publication.","scope":"Only physical1through3 text and physical2and3 frames reviewed; not whole report.","tier":"A","establishes_status":["historical"]},"wi-water-permit-guidance-20261025":{"url":"https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WaterUse/permits.html","title":"Wisconsin Great Lakes Basin water use permit guidance","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","published_on":null,"date_note":"Original publication date unknown; historical2011and2021reissuance statements are separate from current check.","scope":"Whole substantive water use permit page reviewed; linked statutes, individual permits and registration rules not reviewed.","checked_at":"2026-10-25T07:54:13.912359+00:00","sha256":"40029e53f9320afc4f83697c764a5fa91e6546f4a8f54c7297f0c0243cf22913","tier":"A","establishes_status":["program"]},"usgs-thermoelectric-2015-circular1441":{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1441/circ1441.pdf","title":"USGS Circular1441 Tables12,13A,13B historical thermoelectric water2015","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","published_on":null,"date_note":"Report explicitly2018, exact publication day not established from reviewed pages. 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Racine diversion2025 municipal scope and Microsoft boundary

Municipal water context with explicit geography, meter uncertainty and source conflicts. No campus water amount or exact record association.

Status
historicalWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Dated2025 municipal context and2026 agency review, not current campus operation. Locator: DNR response1; City2.

Racine diversion basis
Municipal diversion area totals are not Microsoft campus water useWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

No facility water number inferred from the municipal diversion approval or annual report. Locator: City2and3.

Report period
Calendar2025; City report March2026; DNR response April15 2026Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Cover retains stray2020; report body explicitly2025. Publication day unknown. Locator: City1through3; DNR1.

Approved diversion scope
April25 2018 approval up to average7000000 gallons per day to Mississippi basin portion of Mount PleasantWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Municipal authorization ceiling, not Microsoft allocation, actual withdrawal or consumption. Locator: Overview; DNR1.

Microsoft geographic scope
City states first Microsoft phase is outside diversion area; land for future phases lies inside.City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

March2026 account of2025 context; anticipated2026 completion is not verified actual completion or October operating status. Locator: City2.

Customer scope
City says Foxconn was the only permanent water service customer in the diversion area in2025.City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Not a claim Microsoft used zero water outside this area. Locator: City2.

Municipal reported total
City reports25610223 gallons diverted in2025 including15000 gallons flushed.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Area total, not data center use; City definition includes flushing while DNR calls total sold. Do not silently equate sold and diverted. Locator: City3; DNR1.

Return flow uncertainty
DNR cites9243564 gallons returned in2025 and warns wastewater meter measurements are imprecise.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Reported municipal return flow includes measurement limitations, not exact actual campus consumption. Locator: DNR1.

Consumption conflict
City summary says approximately63 percent for2025; DNR summary lists64 percent and paragraph3 labels2024.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Printed date and percentage difference unresolved; actual consumption uncertain because meter errors are identified. Locator: City2; DNR1.

Reporting review scope
DNR says information appears to meet annual reporting requirements.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Bounded municipal reporting review, not blanket project compliance or operating approval. Locator: DNR2.

Next deadline conflict
DNR response prints2025 Annual Report due March1 2027 while reviewing the2025 report.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

Printed year inconsistency retained; no silently corrected next reporting period. Locator: DNR2.

Reported withdrawal
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established. Locator: Bounded municipal context.

Reported consumption
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established. Locator: Bounded municipal context.

Actual metered use
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established. Locator: Bounded municipal context.

Microsoft water use
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established. Locator: Bounded municipal context.

Atlas record id
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026. City of Racine Water and Wastewater Utility. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 24, 2026.

No verified Microsoft campus quantity or exact Atlas record adoption established. Locator: Bounded municipal context.

"},{"id":"water-wi-basin-permit-guidance-20261025","html":"

Wisconsin basin permit thresholds and averaging periods

Great Lakes Basin permit guidance separates average and consecutive daily tests.

Wi basin permit basis
Agency Great Lakes Basin withdrawal permit framework, not statewide data center withdrawal totals or individual approval.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Status
programWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Basin gate
LakeMichiganorLakeSuperiorBasin property sources withdrawing or planning at least100000gallons daily average in any30dayperiod require received water use permit before withdrawal. Basin scope not every Wisconsin withdrawal.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

General permit gate
General permit covers qualifying100000dailyaverage threshold withdrawals that do not meet individual trigger of at least1000000gallons daily for30days in a row.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Individual gate
Individual permit trigger at least1000000gallons per day for30consecutive days differs from100000daily average in any30dayperiod. No conversion of consecutive daily threshold into monthly average.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Application boundary
Agency automatically mails general applications to registered qualifying high capacity well or30.18applicants in basin; mailed application and registration do not establish required coverage. Coverage needed before threshold withdrawal.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Fee boundary
Agency says no water use permit application fee. This does not establish zero annual water use fees or no other approval charges.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Historical count boundary
Agency2011approx650individual permits and2021renewal323individual/222general are historical programwide statements, not current permits, data center counts or new facility approvals.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Scope boundary
Agency basin permit guidance only; separate registration, high capacity well, diversion and water loss rules and individual permits not reviewed.Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Individual permit
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Actual water use
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

Atlas record id
Not establishedWisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 25, 2026.

Great Lakes Basin agency framework, not named facility authorization or actual withdrawal. Locator: Intro, general and individual permit requirements; reissuance context.

"},{"id":"water-thermoelectric-wi-2015","html":"

Wisconsin historical thermoelectric water context

Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.

Historical thermo withdrawal
4210.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo total use
4210.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo consumptive use
74.70 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12,printed43,physical51; Wisconsin row.

Status
historicalU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.

Report period
2015U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.

Historical thermo boundary
Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 state thermoelectric power estimates, including fresh and saline water. Not current2026 conditions, data center facility use, drinking water demand, permit allocation or proof of a data center effect. Withdrawal, total water use including deliveries and reclaimed wastewater, and consumptive use are distinct. Consumption may exceed withdrawal because other supplied water is included. Independent rounding is retained; no facility joins or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table12 header and notes; thermoelectric section printed42.

Once through withdrawal
4160.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Wisconsin row.

Once through total water use
4160.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Wisconsin row.

Once through consumptive use
41.60 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13A,physical56,printed48; Wisconsin row.

Recirculating withdrawal
42.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Wisconsin row.

Recirculating total water use
44.50 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Wisconsin row.

Recirculating consumptive use
33.10 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Table13B,physical57,printed49; Wisconsin row.

Cooling category boundary
Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical2015 thermoelectric power cooling categories: once through and recirculating. These are power plant cooling estimates, not data center cooling technology or current facility use. Withdrawal, total water use including supplied and reclaimed water, and consumptive use remain distinct. Published zero differs from not estimated. Independently rounded cooling totals are not forced to equal Table12 totals; no facility or per kWh allocation. Locator: Tables13A and13B headers and notes.

Historical thermo fresh withdrawal
4210.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo saline withdrawal
0.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo fresh consumptive use
74.70 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo saline consumptive use
0.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical water quality boundary
Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power water quality categories, fresh and saline. These are not potable water classifications, current data center use or municipal drinking water allocations. Withdrawal differs from consumptive use; supplied and reclaimed water contributions retain their separate definitions. Independently rounded fresh and saline values are not forced to equal the published total. No facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12 headers and notes.

Historical thermo ground fresh withdrawal
3.21 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo ground saline withdrawal
0.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo surface fresh withdrawal
4200.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo surface saline withdrawal
0.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical water origin boundary
Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power withdrawals by groundwater and surface water, each separated into fresh and saline. These are state power generation estimates, not current data center water demand, aquifer stress, potable supply, permits or facility allocations. Withdrawal is not consumption. Independently rounded components are not forced to equal published totals; no facility or per kWh attribution. Locator: Table12 groundwater and surface water headers and notes.

Historical thermo reclaimed water
2.27 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical thermo public supply deliveries
0.23 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical water delivery boundary
Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 thermoelectric power reclaimed wastewater and freshwater public supply deliveries, in million gallons per day. These inputs differ from direct withdrawals and consumptive use. A source dash means not estimated, not zero or no use; published zeros remain zero. No current data center use, potable quality certification, local supply allocation, permit, facility or per kWh inference. Independently rounded values are not forced to balance. Locator: Table12 reclaimed wastewater/public supply headers and dash definition.

Historical thermo net generation
58100.00 GWhU.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained. Locator: Table12,physical51,printed43; Wisconsin row.

Historical generation boundary
Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 26, 2026.

Historical 2015 net thermoelectric power generated in gigawatt hours, from the same USGS state table as water estimates. Net generation is energy, not installed capacity, peak load, gross generation, electricity sales or data center electricity use. No current-year, facility, water intensity or per kWh allocation inferred; independently rounded source values retained. Locator: Table12 net power generated header, gigawatt hours.

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Wisconsin historical2020 modeled thermoelectric water context

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.

Status
historicalU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Annual output YEAR2020 and model provenance.

Thermo2020 period
2020U.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Annual CSV YEAR column.

Thermo2020 basis
USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Published annual CSV/attribute definitions/catalog model limitations.

Thermo2020 model rows
20 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 consumption modeled rows
20 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 saline consumption unmodeled rows
0 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 withdrawal sum
2489.20 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 withdrawal lower sum
1135.33 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 withdrawal upper sum
18590.62 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 consumption available sum
38.76 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 consumption lower available sum
30.54 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 consumption upper available sum
46.63 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

USGS2008-2020 thermoelectric water-use reanalysis,published annual output filtered to2020:modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not observed current2026 water use.958plant-year rows cover48conterminous states,not a complete facility census or data center inventory. Withdrawals include fresh/saline rows;consumption at coastal saline plants was not modeled.54Once-through saline source zero-consumption placeholders are excluded from consumption sums,not measured zero. State best/lower/upper figures are calculated sums of source plant model estimates and thermodynamic plausibility limits,not statewide statistical confidence intervals. Do not compare directly with2015county compilation as a measured trend;methods differ. HUC12 IDs and county labels do not certify parcels;README says public model-input coordinates use interpolated HUC12 centroids,not precise plant locations. No source coordinates adopted,site joins,permit/sustainable availability/datacenter allocation or causal inference. Locator: Calculated from2020 WI rows; source estimate/plausibility fields retained,not a statistical state interval.

Thermo2020 cooling basis
Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation.U.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Annual YEAR2020 CSV coolingType and metadata coolingType domain definitions.

Thermo2020 cooling tower rows
7 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower.

Thermo2020 cooling tower withdrawal
12.58 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating Tower.

Thermo2020 cooling once fresh rows
12 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through fresh.

Thermo2020 cooling once fresh withdrawal
2468.89 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through fresh.

Thermo2020 cooling complex rows
1 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Complex.

Thermo2020 cooling complex withdrawal
7.74 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Complex.

Thermo2020 cooling once saline rows
0 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Once-through saline.

Thermo2020 cooling once saline withdrawal
0.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Once-through saline.

Thermo2020 cooling pond rows
0 plant-year rowsU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated count of WI YEAR2020 rows with exact coolingType=Recirculating pond.

Thermo2020 cooling pond withdrawal
0.00 million gallons per dayU.S. Geological Survey. Source: October 31, 2023. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026. U.S. Geological Survey. Source: Publication date not stated. Checked: October 27, 2026.

Historical2020 USGS model-assigned cooling-system categories within the958 reviewed plant-year rows. Counts are model rows,not separate cooling systems or complete state facility counts. Complex means more than one cooling system type;do not distribute Complex rows among other categories. Once-through fresh and saline are literal source categories;do not classify all other categories as freshwater. Withdrawal sums are modeled annual-mean million gallons/day,not consumption,discharge,permits or available supply. A category with no selected rows has a calculated count and sum of zero within this dataset,not evidence of no statewide physical use. All five mutually exclusive model categories partition these rows;saline consumption remains unmodeled and is not inferred from withdrawals. No source coordinates,Native joins,facility or data center allocation. Locator: Calculated sum of wd_mgd for WI YEAR2020 exact coolingType=Recirculating pond.

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